Polygons and paths

For drawing shapes, Luxor provides polygons and paths.

A polygon is an ordered collection of Points stored in an array.

A path is a sequence of one or more straight and curved (circular arc or Bézier curve) segments. Paths can consist of subpaths. Luxor maintains a 'current path', to which you can add lines and curves until you finish with a stroke or fill instruction.

Luxor also provides a BezierPath type, which is an array of four-point tuples, each of which is a Bézier cubic curve section.

Regular polygons ("ngons")

A polygon is an array of points. The points can be joined with straight lines.

You can make regular polygons — from triangles, pentagons, hexagons, septagons, heptagons, octagons, nonagons, decagons, and on-and-on-agons — with ngon().

cols = distinguishable_colors(10)
setline(2)
fontsize(12)
tiles = Tiler(700, 600, 3, 3)

for (pos, n) in tiles
    @layer begin
        translate(pos)

        p = ngon(Point(0, 0), 80, n, vertices=true)

        sethue(cols[n])

        poly(p, :fill, close=true)
        sethue("black")
        poly(p, :stroke, close=true)

        circle(Point(0, 0), 4, :fill)

        label.([string(i) for i in 1:n], slope.(O, p), p, offset=5)
    end
end

The initial orientation of the polygon defaults to 0.

If you want to specify the side length rather than the circumradius, use ngonside().

for i in 20:-1:3
    sethue(i/20, 0.5, 0.7)
    ngonside(Point(0, 0), 75, i, 0, :fill)
    sethue("black")
    ngonside(Point(0, 0), 75, i, 0, :stroke)
end

The functions return the vertices, or you can use the vertices=true option.

ngon(Point(0, 0), 10, 5)

 Point(3.0901699437494745, 9.510565162951535)
 Point(-8.090169943749473, 5.877852522924733)
 Point(-8.090169943749475, -5.87785252292473)
 Point(3.0901699437494723, -9.510565162951536)
 Point(10.0, -2.4492935982947065e-15)

ngon(x, y, radius, sides=5, orientation=0, action=:none;
    vertices=false, reversepath=false)

ngon(centerpos, radius, sides=5, orientation=0, action=:none;
    vertices=false,
    reversepath=false)

ngon(0, 0, 4, 4, 0, vertices=true) # returns the polygon's points:

    4-element Array{Luxor.Point, 1}:
    Luxor.Point(2.4492935982947064e-16, 4.0)
    Luxor.Point(-4.0, 4.898587196589413e-16)
    Luxor.Point(-7.347880794884119e-16, -4.0)
    Luxor.Point(4.0, -9.797174393178826e-16)

ngon(0, 0, 4, 4, 0, :close) # draws a polygon

ngonside(centerpoint::Point, sidelength::Real, sides::Int=5, orientation=0,
    action=:none; kwargs...)

Polygons

Use poly() to draw lines connecting the points and/or just fill the area:

tiles = Tiler(600, 250, 1, 2, margin=20)
tile1, tile2 = collect(tiles)

randompoints = [Point(rand(-100:100), rand(-100:100)) for i in 1:10]

gsave()
translate(tile1[1])
poly(randompoints, :stroke)
grestore()

gsave()
translate(tile2[1])
poly(randompoints, :fill)
grestore()

poly(bbox::BoundingBox, :action; kwargs...)

poly(pointlist::Array{Point, 1}, action = :none;
    close=false,
    reversepath=false)

A polygon can contain holes. The reversepath keyword changes the direction of the polygon. The following piece of code uses ngon() to make and draw two paths, the second forming a hole in the first, to make a hexagonal bolt shape:

setline(5)
sethue("gold")
line(Point(-200, 0), Point(200, 0), :stroke)
sethue("orchid4")
ngon(0, 0, 60, 6, 0, :path)
newsubpath()
ngon(0, 0, 40, 6, 0, :path, reversepath=true)
fillstroke()

The prettypoly() function can place graphics at each vertex of a polygon. After the polygon action, the supplied vertexfunction function is evaluated at each vertex. For example, to mark each vertex of a polygon with a randomly-colored circle:

apoly = star(O, 70, 7, 0.6, 0, vertices=true)
prettypoly(apoly, :fill, () ->
        begin
            randomhue()
            circle(O, 10, :fill)
        end,
    close=true)

An optional keyword argument vertexlabels lets you pass a function that can number each vertex. The function can use two arguments, the current vertex number, and the total number of points in the polygon:

apoly = star(O, 80, 5, 0.6, 0, vertices=true)
prettypoly(apoly,
    :stroke,
    vertexlabels = (n, l) -> (text(string(n, " of ", l), halign=:center)),
    close=true)

prettypoly(bbox::BoundingBox, :action; kwargs...)

prettypoly(points::Array{Point, 1}, action=:none, vertexfunction = () -> circle(O, 2, :stroke);
    close=false,
    reversepath=false,
    vertexlabels = (n, l) -> ()
    )

p = star(O, 70, 7, 0.6, 0, vertices=true)
prettypoly(p, :fill, () ->
    begin
        randomhue()
        circle(O, 10, :fill)
    end,
    close=true)

prettypoly(triangle, :stroke,
    vertexlabels = (n, l) -> (text(string(n, " of ", l))))

Recursive decoration is possible:

decorate(pos, p, level) = begin
    if level < 4
        randomhue()
        scale(0.25, 0.25)
        prettypoly(p, :fill, () -> decorate(pos, p, level+1), close=true)
    end
end

apoly = star(O, 100, 7, 0.6, 0, vertices=true)
prettypoly(apoly, :fill, () -> decorate(O, apoly, 1), close=true)

Polygons can be simplified using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm (non-recursive version), via simplify().

sincurve = [Point(6x, 80sin(x)) for x in -5π:π/20:5π]
prettypoly(collect(sincurve), :stroke,
    () -> begin
            sethue("red")
            circle(O, 3, :fill)
          end)
text(string("number of points: ", length(collect(sincurve))), 0, 100)
translate(0, 200)
simplercurve = simplify(collect(sincurve), 0.5)
prettypoly(simplercurve, :stroke,
    () -> begin
            sethue("red")
            circle(O, 3, :fill)
          end)
text(string("number of points: ", length(simplercurve)), 0, 100)

simplify(pointlist::Array, detail=0.1)

The isinside() function returns true if a point is inside a polygon.

apolygon = star(O, 200, 8, 0.5, 0, vertices=true)
for pt in collect(first.(Table(30, 30, 15, 15)))
    sethue(noise(pt.x/600, pt.y/600), noise(pt.x/300, pt.y/300), noise(pt.x/250, pt.y/250))
    isinside(pt, apolygon, allowonedge=true) ? circle(pt, 8, :fill) : circle(pt, 3, :fill)
end

isinside(p::Point, bb:BoundingBox)

isinside(p, pol; allowonedge=false)

You can use randompoint() and randompointarray() to create a random Point or list of Points.

pt1 = Point(-100, -100)
pt2 = Point(100, 100)

sethue("gray80")
map(pt -> circle(pt, 6, :fill), (pt1, pt2))
box(pt1, pt2, :stroke)

sethue("red")
circle(randompoint(pt1, pt2), 7, :fill)

sethue("blue")
map(pt -> circle(pt, 2, :fill), randompointarray(pt1, pt2, 100))

randompoint(lowpt, highpt)

randompoint(lowx, lowy, highx, highy)

randompointarray(lowpt, highpt, n)

randompointarray(lowx, lowy, highx, highy, n)

Quickly changing polygons

If you want to quickly and permanently modify a polygon, there's polymove!(), polyscale!(), polyreflect!(), and polyrotate!().

shape = star(O, 10, 5, 0.5, 0, vertices=true)

circle(O, 3, :stroke)

polymove!(shape, O, O + (0, 50))

poly(shape, :stroke, close=true)

for i in 1:20
    poly(polyrotate!(shape, π/5), :fill, close=true)
    polyscale!(shape, 19//18)
end

The polygon is continually modified (notice the ! in the function names).

pgon = randompointarray(BoundingBox()/2 ..., 10)
polymove!(pgon, O, Point(-80, 0))
poly(pgon, :fill, close=true)
# reflect in y axis:
polyreflect!(pgon, Point(0, 0), Point(0, 100))
sethue("blue")
poly(pgon, :fill, close=true)

polyscale!(pgon, s;
   center=O)

polyscale!(pgon, sh, sv;
    center=O)

polymove!(pgon, frompoint::Point, topoint::Point)

polyreflect!(pgon, pt1 = O, pt2 = O + (0, 100)

polyrotate!(pgon, θ;
    center=O)

Other functions

There are a number of experimental polygon functions. These won't work well for polygons that aren't simple or where the sides intersect each other, but they sometimes do a reasonable job. For example, here's polysplit():

s = squircle(O, 60, 60, vertices=true)
pt1 = Point(0, -120)
pt2 = Point(0, 120)
line(pt1, pt2, :stroke)
poly1, poly2 = polysplit(s, pt1, pt2)
randomhue()
poly(poly1, :fill)
randomhue()
poly(poly2, :fill)

polysplit(p, p1, p2)

(poly1, poly2)

polysortbydistance(p, starting::Point)

polysortbyangle(pointlist::Array, refpoint=minimum(pointlist))

polysortbyangle(parray, polycentroid(parray))

polycentroid(pointlist)

Smoothing polygons

Because polygons can have sharp corners, the experimental polysmooth() function attempts to insert arcs at the corners and draw the result.

The original polygon is shown in red; the smoothed polygon is shown on top:

tiles = Tiler(600, 250, 1, 5, margin=10)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    p = star(pos, tiles.tilewidth/2 - 2, 5, 0.3, 0, vertices=true)
    sethue("red")
    poly(p, close=true, :stroke)
    sethue("black")
    polysmooth(p, n * 2, :fill)
end

The final polygon shows that you can get unexpected results if you attempt to smooth corners by more than the possible amount. The debug=true option draws the circles if you want to find out what's going wrong, or if you want to explore the effect in more detail.

p = star(O, 60, 5, 0.35, 0, vertices=true)
setdash("dot")
sethue("red")
prettypoly(p, close=true, :stroke)
setdash("solid")
sethue("black")
polysmooth(p, 40, :fill, debug=true)

polysmooth(points, radius, action=:action; debug=false)

Offsetting polygons

There are three methods for offsetpoly(), a function which constructs a new polygon that's offset from an existing one.

• offsetpoly(plist, d) treats the plist of points as a polygon with n vertices joined by n lines with offset d on both sides.

• offsetpoly(plist, startoffset=d1, endoffset=d2) treats the plist of points as a polyline with n vertices joined by n-1 lines, where the offset varies from startoffset to endoffset.

• offsetpoly(plist, f::function) applies a function f at each vertex of the polyline to determine the width of the offset polygon at that point.

The first method is good for making closed shapes larger or smaller. The other methods are useful for building shapes around an open linear spine.

1: n vertices joined by n lines

The offsetpoly(plist, d) method constructs a closed polygon outside or inside an existing polygon, at distance d. The last vertex in plist as assumed to be be connected to the first.

In the following example, the dotted red polygon is the original, the black polygons have positive offsets and surround the original, the cyan polygons have negative offsets and run inside the original. Use poly() to draw the result.

p = star(O, 45, 5, 0.5, 0, vertices=true)
sethue("red")
setdash("dot")
poly(p, :stroke, close=true)
setdash("solid")
sethue("black")

poly(offsetpoly(p, 20), :stroke, close=true)
poly(offsetpoly(p, 25), :stroke, close=true)
poly(offsetpoly(p, 30), :stroke, close=true)
poly(offsetpoly(p, 35), :stroke, close=true)

sethue("darkcyan")

poly(offsetpoly(p, -10), :stroke, close=true)
poly(offsetpoly(p, -15), :stroke, close=true)
poly(offsetpoly(p, -20), :stroke, close=true)

The function is intended for simple cases, and it can go wrong if pushed too far. Sometimes the offset distances can be larger than the polygon segments, and things will start to go wrong. In this example, the offset goes so far negative that the polygon overshoots the origin, becomes inverted and starts getting larger again.

2 n vertices joined by n-1 lines

The offsetpoly(plist) method constructs a polygon around a line joining the lines in plist. At the start of the line, the polygon will be startoffset units on each side; by the end of the line, the polygon will be endoffset units on each side. The last vertex isn't joined to the first, hence n-1.

In the following example, the original spine is drawn in orange, on top of the black polygon that's constructed to be offset 2 units on each side at the start and 30 units on each side at the end.

spine = [Point(20 + 40x, 15sin(2x)) for x in 0:.1:4π]

for θ in range(0, 2π, step=π/12)
    @layer begin
        sethue("black")
        rotate(θ)
        poly(offsetpoly(spine, startoffset=1, endoffset=30), :fill)
        sethue("orange")
        poly(spine, :stroke)
    end
end

Using an offset-control function

This method accepts a keyword argument that allows you to control the way the offsets are applied, using the easing functionality built in to Luxor (see Animation helper functions).

By default the function is lineartween(), so the offset changes linearly between the startoffset and the endoffset values. With other easing functions, this change is modulated. For example, the easeinoutquad function moves between start and end values using a quadratic motion.

spine = between.(O - (200, 0), O + (200, 0), 0:0.025:1)

sethue("red")
prettypoly(spine, :stroke)

sethue("black")
pg = offsetpoly(spine, startoffset=0, endoffset=200, easingfunction=easeinoutquad)
prettypoly(pg, :stroke, close=true)

But in the next example, the function f(t, b, c, d) (the Luxor standard four-argument easing function) is defined to run from 0 to 2 and back again as t goes from 0 to 1, so the initial and final offsets are 'eased' to 0, and at the middle of the polygon the offsets at that location are 'eased' to 2 × the offset value at that point.

spine = [Point(20x, 15sin(x)) for x in -4π:pi/24:4pi]

f(t, b, c, d) = 2sin(t * π)

pg = offsetpoly(spine, startoffset=1, endoffset=10, easingfunction=f)
sethue("black")
poly(pg, :fill)

sethue("white")
poly(spine, :stroke)

3: Applying a function

This method generates offset widths using the supplied function. The value of the supplied function f at f(0, θ) determines the start offset on each side, and f(1, θ) determines the finishing offset on each side. The width at the middle vertex will be f(0.5, θ) (on each side). θ is provided as the current slope of the polyline at that point.

spiralcurve = spiral(10, 0.3, log=true, period=3π)
f(x, θ) = 1 + 15sin(x * π)
pgon = offsetpoly(spiralcurve, f)
poly(pgon, :fill)

offsetpoly(plist::Array{Point, 1}, d) where T<:Number

offsetpoly(plist;
    startoffset = 10,
    endoffset   = 10,
    easingfunction = lineartween)

f(a, b, c, d) = 2sin((a * π))

f(x, θ) =  10 + 15sin(x * π)
sinecurve = [Point(50x, 50sin(x)) for x in -π:π/24:π]
pgon = offsetpoly(sinecurve, f)
poly(pgon, :fill)

g(x, θ) = rescale(abs(sin(θ)), 0, 1, 0.1, 30)
sinecurve = [Point(50x, 50sin(x)) for x in -π:π/24:π]
pgon = offsetpoly(sinecurve, g)
poly(pgon, :fill)

Fitting splines

The experimental polyfit() function constructs a B-spline that follows the points approximately.

pts = [Point(x, rand(-100:100)) for x in -280:30:280]
setopacity(0.7)
sethue("red")
prettypoly(pts, :none, () -> circle(O, 5, :fill))
sethue("darkmagenta")
poly(polyfit(pts, 200), :stroke)

polyfit(plist::Array, npoints=30)

Converting paths to polygons

You can convert the current path to an array of polygons, using pathtopoly().

In the next example, the path consists of a number of paths, some of which are subpaths, which form the holes.

textpath("get polygons from paths")
plist = pathtopoly()
for (n, pgon) in enumerate(plist)
    randomhue()
    prettypoly(pgon, :stroke, close=true)
    gsave()
    translate(0, 100)
    poly(polysortbyangle(pgon, polycentroid(pgon)), :stroke, close=true)
    grestore()
end

The pathtopoly() function calls getpathflat() to convert the current path to an array of polygons, with each curved section flattened to line segments.

The getpath() function gets the current path as an array of elements, lines, and unflattened curves.

pathtopoly()

getpath()

o = getpath()
for e in o
      if e.element_type == Cairo.CAIRO_PATH_MOVE_TO
          (x, y) = e.points
          move(x, y)
      elseif e.element_type == Cairo.CAIRO_PATH_LINE_TO
          (x, y) = e.points
          # straight lines
          line(x, y)
          strokepath()
          circle(x, y, 1, :stroke)
      elseif e.element_type == Cairo.CAIRO_PATH_CURVE_TO
          (x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3) = e.points
          # Bezier control lines
          circle(x1, y1, 1, :stroke)
          circle(x2, y2, 1, :stroke)
          circle(x3, y3, 1, :stroke)
          move(x, y)
          curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
          strokepath()
          (x, y) = (x3, y3) # update current point
      elseif e.element_type == Cairo.CAIRO_PATH_CLOSE_PATH
          closepath()
      else
          error("unknown CairoPathEntry " * repr(e.element_type))
          error("unknown CairoPathEntry " * repr(e.points))
      end
  end

getpathflat()

Polygons to Bézier paths and back again

Use the makebezierpath() and drawbezierpath() functions to make and draw Bézier paths, and pathtobezierpaths() to convert the current path to an array of Bézier paths.

A BezierPath type contains a sequence of BezierPathSegments; each curve segment is defined by four points: two end points and their control points.

    (Point(-129.904, 75.0),        # start point
     Point(-162.38, 18.75),        # ^ control point
     Point(-64.9519, -150.0),      # v control point
     Point(-2.75546e-14, -150.0)), # end point
    (Point(-2.75546e-14, -150.0),
     Point(64.9519, -150.0),
     Point(162.38, 18.75),
     Point(129.904, 75.0)),
    (Point(129.904, 75.0),
     Point(97.4279, 131.25),
     Point(-97.4279, 131.25),
     Point(-129.904, 75.0)
     ),
     ...

Bézier paths are different from ordinary paths in that they don't usually contain straight line segments. However, by setting the two control points to be the same as their matching start/end points, you create straight line sections.

makebezierpath() takes the points in a polygon and converts each line segment into one Bézier curve. drawbezierpath() draws the resulting sequence.

pts = ngon(O, 150, 3, pi/6, vertices=true)
bezpath = makebezierpath(pts)
poly(pts, :stroke)
for (p1, c1, c2, p2) in bezpath[1:end-1]
    circle.([p1, p2], 4, :stroke)
    circle.([c1, c2], 2, :fill)
    line(p1, c1, :stroke)
    line(p2, c2, :stroke)
end
sethue("black")
setline(3)
drawbezierpath(bezpath, :stroke, close=false)

tiles = Tiler(600, 300, 1, 4, margin=20)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    @layer begin
        translate(pos)
        pts = polysortbyangle(
                randompointarray(
                    Point(-tiles.tilewidth/2, -tiles.tilewidth/2),
                    Point(tiles.tilewidth/2, tiles.tilewidth/2),
                    4))
        setopacity(0.7)
        sethue("black")
        prettypoly(pts, :stroke, close=true)
        randomhue()
        drawbezierpath(makebezierpath(pts), :fill)
    end
end

You can convert a Bézier path to a polygon (an array of points), using the bezierpathtopoly() function. This chops up the curves into a series of straight line segments. An optional steps keyword lets you specify how many line segments are used to approximate each Bézier segment.

In this example, the original star is drawn in a dotted gray line, then converted to a Bézier path (drawn in orange), then the Bézier path is converted (with low resolution) to a polygon but offset by 20 units before being drawn (in blue).

pgon = star(O, 250, 5, 0.6, 0, vertices=true)

@layer begin
    setgrey(0.5)
    setdash("dot")
    poly(pgon, :stroke, close=true)
    setline(5)
end

setline(4)

sethue("orangered")

np = makebezierpath(pgon)
drawbezierpath(np, :stroke)

sethue("steelblue")
p = bezierpathtopoly(np, steps=3)

q1 = offsetpoly(p, 20)
prettypoly(q1, :stroke, close=true)

You can convert the current path to an array of BezierPaths using the pathtobezierpaths() function.

In the next example, the letter "a" is placed at the current position (set by move()) and then converted to an array of Bézier paths. Each Bézier path is drawn first of all in gray, then the control points of segment are drawn (in orange) showing how they affect the curvature.

st = "a"
thefontsize = 500
fontsize(thefontsize)
sethue("red")
tex = textextents(st)
move(-tex[3]/2, tex[4]/2)
textpath(st)
nbps = pathtobezierpaths()
setline(1.5)
for nbp in nbps
    sethue("grey80")
    drawbezierpath(nbp, :stroke)
    for p in nbp
        sethue("darkorange")
        circle(p[2], 2.0, :fill)
        circle(p[3], 2.0, :fill)
        line(p[2], p[1], :stroke)
        line(p[3], p[4], :stroke)
        if p[1] != p[4]
            sethue("black")
            circle(p[1], 2.0, :fill)
            circle(p[4], 2.0, :fill)
        end
    end
end

beziersegmentangles() lets you define a Bézier path segment by specifying the angles the control handles make with the base line.

setline(.5)

@layer begin
    rule.(O, (0, (π/2)))
end

P = O
Q = O + (200, 0)
sethue("black")

pts = beziersegmentangles(P, Q,
    out = deg2rad(60),
    in  = 2π - deg2rad(45))

@layer begin
    setline(2)
    sethue("purple")
    drawbezierpath(pts, :stroke)
end

sethue("grey50")
line(O, pts[2], :stroke)
line(Q, pts[3], :stroke)
fontsize(15)
circle.((P, pts[2], pts[3], Q), 5, :fill)
label.(("P", "Q"), :ne, (P, Q))
text("60°", P + (40, 20))
text("135°", Q + (10, 20))

Brush strokes

The brush() function builds Bezier paths in a quasi-random fashion, that could look like brush strokes. The optional keyword arguments allow a range of different effects.

You can pass a function that can adjust various drawing settings before the shapes are drawn.

brushα(nbpb) = begin
    setline(1)
    setopacity(0.3)
    drawbezierpath(nbpb, :stroke)
    sethue(0.2, 0.3, rand(0.3:0.01:0.65))
    return nbpb
end

function numberit(pos, n)
    @layer begin
        sethue("black")
        text(string(n), pos)
    end
end

t  = Tiler(800, 700, 5, 1)
sethue("orange3")
fontsize(20)
for (pos, n) in t
    start, finish = pos - (200, 0), pos + (200, 0)
    if n == 1
        # five brush strokes
        brush(start, finish, 1)
        numberit(pos, n)
    elseif n == 2
        # minwidth and maxwidth control the, er, width
         brush(start, finish, 5, minwidth = -5, maxwidth = 2)
         numberit(pos, n)
    elseif n == 3
        # dont have to have transparent strokes
         brush(start, finish, 20, minwidth = .2, randomopacity = false)
         numberit(pos, n)
    elseif n == 4
        # twist and adjust handles to taste
         brush(start, finish, minwidth = -.1, maxwidth = .2,
             twist = 2, highhandle = 2, tidystart=false)
         numberit(pos, n)
    elseif n == 5
        # call a function to modify each stroke
        brush(start, finish, 1, minwidth = -2.2, maxwidth = .8,
            lowhandle = -.4, highhandle = 1.5, twist = .5,
            strokefunction = brushα)
        numberit(pos, n)
    end
end

For more information (and more than you probably wanted to know) about Luxor's Bézier paths, visit https://cormullion.github.io/pages/2018-06-20-bezier/.

bezier(t, A::Point, A1::Point, B1::Point, B::Point)

bezier′′(t, A::Point, A1::Point, B1::Point, B::Point)

beziercurvature(t, A::Point, A1::Point, B1::Point, B::Point)

bezierfrompoints(startpoint::Point, pointonline1::Point,
    pointonline2::Point, endpoint::Point)

bezierfrompoints(ptslist::Array{Point, 1})

bezierpathtopoly(bezierpath::BezierPath; steps=10)

bezierstroke(point1, point2, width=0.0)

beziertopoly(bpseg::BezierPathSegment; steps=10)

drawbezierpath(bezierpath::BezierPath, action=:none;
    close=true)

drawbezierpath(bps::BezierPathSegment, action=:none;
    close=false)

makebezierpath(pgon::Array{Point, 1}; smoothing=1.0)

pathtobezierpaths(
    ; flat=true)

@svg begin
    fontface("MyanmarMN-Bold")
    st = "goo"
    thefontsize = 100
    fontsize(thefontsize)
    sethue("red")
    fontsize(thefontsize)
    textpath(st)
    nbps = pathtobezierpaths()
    for nbp in nbps
        setline(.15)
        sethue("grey50")
        drawbezierpath(nbp, :stroke)
        for p in nbp
            sethue("red")
            circle(p[2], 0.16, :fill)
            circle(p[3], 0.16, :fill)
            line(p[2], p[1], :stroke)
            line(p[3], p[4], :stroke)
            if p[1] != p[4]
                sethue("black")
                circle(p[1], 0.26, :fill)
                circle(p[4], 0.26, :fill)
            end
        end
    end
end

setbezierhandles(bps::BezierPathSegment;
        angles  = [0.05, -0.1],
        handles = [0.3, 0.3])

setbezierhandles(bezpath::BezierPath;
        angles=[0 .05, -0.1],
        handles=[0.3, 0.3])

shiftbezierhandles(bps::BezierPathSegment;
    angles=[0.1, -0.1], handles=[1.1, 1.1])

findbeziercontrolpoints(previouspt::Point,
    pt1::Point,
    pt2::Point,
    nextpt::Point;
    smooth_value=0.5)

brush(pt1, pt2, width=10;
    strokes=10,
    minwidth=0.01,
    maxwidth=0.03,
    twist = -1,
    lowhandle  = 0.3,
    highhandle = 0.7,
    randomopacity = true,
    tidystart = false,
    action = :fill,
    strokefunction = (nbpb) -> nbpb))

beziersegmentangles(pt1, pt2;
    out = deg2rad(45),
    in  = deg2rad(135))
)

drawbezierpath(beziersegmentangles(O, O + (100, 0),
    out = deg2rad(45),
    in  = 2π - deg2rad(45)),
    :stroke)

Polygon information

polyperimeter calculates the length of a polygon's perimeter.

p = box(O, 50, 50, vertices=true)
poly(p, :stroke)
text(string(round(polyperimeter(p, closed=false))), O.x, O.y + 60)

translate(200, 0)

poly(p, :stroke, close=true)
text(string(round(polyperimeter(p, closed=true))), O.x, O.y + 60)

Polygon selection and modification

There are Luxor functions to return the first part or last part of a polygon. You can also ask for a resampling of a polygon, choosing either to increase the number of points (which places new points to the "lines" joining the vertices) or decrease them (which changes the shape of the polygon). It's also possible to insert vertices automatically.

polyportion() and polyremainder() return part of a polygon depending on the fraction you supply. For example, polyportion(p, 0.5) returns the first half of polygon p, polyremainder(p, .75) returns the last quarter of it.

p = ngon(O, 100, 7, 0, vertices=true)
poly(p, :stroke, close=true)
setopacity(0.75)

setline(20)
sethue("red")
poly(polyportion(p, 0.25), :stroke)

setline(10)
sethue("green")
poly(polyportion(p, 0.5), :stroke)

setline(5)
sethue("blue")
poly(polyportion(p, 0.75), :stroke)

setline(1)
circle(polyremainder(p, 0.75)[1], 5, :stroke) # first point

You can insert vertices in the edges of a polygon with insertvertices!(). For example, this code inserts a new vertex into each side of a polygon five times. The polygon ends up with 128 vertices.

pts = box(O, 500, 200, vertices=true)
prettypoly(pts, :stroke, close=true)

for i in 1:5
    insertvertices!(pts)
    prettypoly(pts, :stroke, close=true)
    fontsize(16)
    label(string(length(pts)), :ne, pts[1], offset=10)
    scale(0.8)
end

To resample a polygon, use polysample(). In this example, the same four-sided polygon is resampled at multiples of 4, with different circle radii at each multiple. This adds more points to the new copy of the original polygon.

pts = ngon(O, 100, 4, vertices=true)
for (n, npoints) in enumerate(reverse([4, 8, 16, 32, 48]))
    prettypoly(polysample(pts, npoints),
        :stroke, close=true,
        () -> begin
                circle(O, 2n, :stroke)
              end)
end

There is a closed option, which determines whether or not the final edge (the one that would join the final vertex to the first), is included in the sampling. In the following example, the original polygon is drawn in black, then sampled as a closed polygon (in blue), then as a non-closed one (magenta).

# original polygon

numbervertices(l, n) = label(string(l), :N, O)
drawvertices() = ngon(O, 3, 4, 0, :fill)

pts = [Point(30x, 20sin(x)) for x in -2π:π/6:2π]

# 1: drawn as defined

prettypoly(pts, "stroke", drawvertices, vertexlabels = numbervertices)

translate(0, 50)


# 2: resampled as closed

npoints = 40

sethue("cornflowerblue")
prettypoly(polysample(pts, npoints, closed=true), :stroke, drawvertices,
    vertexlabels = numbervertices)

translate(0, 50)

# 3: resampled as open

sethue("magenta")
prettypoly(polysample(pts, npoints, closed=false), :stroke, drawvertices,
    vertexlabels = numbervertices)

polysample(p::Array{Point, 1}, npoints::T where T <: Integer;
        closed=true)

 1/`npoints` * `perimeter of p`

insertvertices!(pgon;
    ratio=0.5)

Polygon side lengths

polydistances returns an array of the accumulated side lengths of a polygon.

julia> p = ngon(O, 100, 7, 0, vertices=true);
julia> polydistances(p)
8-element Array{Real,1}:
   0.0000
  86.7767
 173.553
 260.33
 347.107
 433.884
 520.66
 607.437

It's used by polyportion() and polyremainder(), and you can pre-calculate and pass them to these functions via keyword arguments for performance. By default the result includes the final closing segment (closed=true).

These functions also make use of the nearestindex(), which returns a tuple of: the index of the nearest value in an array of distances to a given value; and the excess value.

In this example, we want to find a point halfway round the perimeter of a triangle. Use nearestindex() to find the index of the nearest vertex (nidx, 2), and the surplus length, (over, 100).

p = ngonside(O, 200, 3, vertices=true)
prettypoly(p, :stroke, close=true, vertexlabels = (n, l) -> label(string(n), :NW, offset=10))

# distances array
da = polydistances(p)

nidx, over = nearestindex(da, polyperimeter(p)/2)

sethue("red")
circle(p[nidx], 5, :stroke)

arrow(p[nidx],
      between(p[nidx], p[nidx+1], over/distance(p[nidx], p[nidx+1])),
      linewidth=2)

Of course, it's much easier to do polyportion(p, 0.5).

Area of polygon

Use polyarea() to find the area of a polygon. Of course, this only works for simple polygons; polygons that intersect themselves or have holes are not correctly processed.

This code draws some regular polygons and calculates their area, perimeter, and shows how near the ratio of perimeter over radius approaches 2π.

fontface("Georgia")
sethue("black")
setline(0.25)
outerframe = Table([500], [400, 200])
total = 30
properties = Table(fill(15, total), [20, 85, 85], outerframe[1, 2])
radius = 55
sethue("grey20")
for i in 3:total
    global radius
    text(string(i), properties[i, 1], halign=:right)
    p = ngon(outerframe[1], radius, i, 0, vertices=true)
    prettypoly(p, :stroke, close=true, () -> (sethue("red"); circle(O, 2, :fill)))
    pa = polyarea(p)
    pp = polyperimeter(p)
    ppoverradius = pp/radius
    text(string(Int(round(pa, digits=0))), properties[i, 2], halign=:left)
    text(string(round(ppoverradius, digits=6)), properties[i, 3], halign=:left)
    radius += 5
end

fontsize(10)
[text(["Sides", "Area", "Perimeter/Radius"][n], pt, halign=:center)
    for (pt, n) in Table([20], [20, 85, 85], outerframe[2] - (0, 220))]

polyperimeter(p::Array{Point, 1}; closed=true)

polyportion(p::Array{Point, 1}, portion=0.5; closed=true, pdist=[])

polyremainder(p::Array{Point, 1}, portion=0.5; closed=true, pdist=[])

polydistances(p::Array{Point, 1}; closed=true)

nearestindex(polydistancearray, value)

polyarea(p::Array)

ispolyclockwise(pgon)

ispolyconvex(pts)

Other polygon operations

These functions are still in development. Expect varying degrees of success when using them.

Intersections

intersectlinepoly(pt1, pt2, polygon) returns an array containing the points where a line from pt1 to pt2 crosses the perimeter of the polygon.

setline(0.3)
sethue("thistle")
c = star(O, 120, 7, 0.2, vertices=true)
poly(c, :fillstroke, close=true)
for n in 1:15
    pt1 = Point(rand(-250:250, 2)...)
    pt2 = Point(rand(-250:250, 2)...)
    ips = intersectlinepoly(pt1, pt2, c)
    if !isempty(ips)
            sethue("grey20")
            line(pt1, pt2, :stroke)
            randomhue()
            circle.(ips, 2, :fill)
    else
        sethue("grey80")
        line(pt1, pt2, :stroke)
    end
end

polyintersect calculates the intersection points of two polygons.

pentagon = ngon(O, 250, 5, vertices=true)
square = box(O + (80, 20), 280, 400, vertices=true)

poly(pentagon, :stroke, close=true)
poly(square, :stroke, close=true)

sethue("orange")
circle.(polyintersect(pentagon, square), 8, :fill)

The returned polygon contains the points where one polygon crosses another.

intersectlinepoly(pt1::Point, pt2::Point, C)

polyintersect(p1::AbstractArray{Point, 1}, p2::AbstractArray{Point, 1};
    closed=true)

Triangulation

Use polytriangulate() to join the vertices of a polygon to form triangles. It returns an array of triangular polygons.

pts = ngon(O, 200, 7, vertices=true)
triangles = polytriangulate(pts)

for (n, tri) in enumerate(triangles)
    sethue([Luxor.julia_purple,
            Luxor.julia_blue,
            Luxor.julia_red,
            Luxor.julia_green
            ][mod1(n, end)])
    poly(offsetpoly(tri, -2), :fill, close = true)
    sethue("white")
    text(string(n), polycentroid(tri), halign=:center)
end

sethue("red")
setline(3)
poly(pts, :stroke, close=true)

polytriangulate(plist::Array{Point,1}; epsilon = -0.01)